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Equity in the construction industry refers to the financial investment made by the stakeholders in a construction project. It's essentially the difference between the overall project cost and the amount borrowed to finance it. The capital is often fund supplied by owners, investors, or shareholders. These entities get a return on their investment either through project profits, or an increase in the value of the project, thus, equity provides them with ownership rights. Interestingly, a high equity stake in projects usually indicates low leverage and low financial risk. The construction industry relies heavily on equity, particularly during large-scale projects as these require substantial financial backing. Consequently, a contractor with a higher level of equity is often regarded as more stable and trustworthy.

Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) in the construction industry represents the direct costs associated with the production of goods or services that a company sells. These costs may comprise the cost of raw materials such as lumber, steel, concrete; direct labor costs; storage costs, and direct utility costs. It can also include direct expenses like subcontractor costs, labor burden (i.e., benefits, insurance, taxes related to employee wages), material costs, and equipment costs that are directly attributable to a project's completion. COGS does not include indirect expenses such as sales and distribution costs or overhead costs such as office rent and utilities. In essence, COGS in construction is directly tied to specific projects and is a key factor in determining a project's gross profit and thus a company´s profitability.

Overbilling refers to the unscrupulous practice of charging more than what is warranted for materials or services in the construction industry. This can occur when a contractor bills for more material than what was actually used or invoices for labor and time that was not appropriately utilized or not used at all. Overbilling can have serious fiscal impacts on projects and can lead to legal consequences if discovered. The clients have to scrutinize the billings accurately to avoid falling victim to overbilling. Thus, overbilling is not an ethical practice and is discouraged in the construction industry. It not only hurts the client financially but can also damage the reputation and trust between parties involved in a construction project.